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Ces dernières années, le développement des technologies numériques a donné un nouvel essor à la figure de l'amateur, notamment dans le domaine de la culture. Face à cette nouvelle donne, plusieurs institutions ont lancé des plateformes contributives culturelles, pour permettre à des amateurs, ou plus généralement à des citoyens, de participer à la construction de savoirs liés à leurs objets culturels en interaction avec l'institution. Les rapports entre institutions et amateurs qui s'instaurent à travers ces dispositifs ne sont pas linéaires et transparents. Si l'institution voit le besoin d'interagir avec ces figures clés, en même temps elle a du mal à leur donner une place qui en préserverait la liberté d'expression. Similairement, les amateurs qui commencent leur activité en autonomie sont souvent attirés par le cadre institutionnel qui peut donner de la reconnaissance ou de la visibilité à leur action. Cependant, dans ce cadre institutionnel, ils ne sont pas toujours à l'aise. En interrogeant les modèles épistémiques et politiques de ces plateformes, entre sciences participatives et pratiques amateurs, cet ouvrage a l'ambition de proposer une nouvelle approche à l'étude des plateformes contributives en tant que dispositifs multi-espace de dialogue entre les institutions et les citoyens.
User-generated content --- Cultural industries --- Amateurism
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An eye-opening look at the invisible workers who protect us from seeing humanity’s worst on today’s commercial internet Social media on the internet can be a nightmarish place. A primary shield against hateful language, violent videos, and online cruelty uploaded by users is not an algorithm. It is people. Mostly invisible by design, more than 100,000 commercial content moderators evaluate posts on mainstream social media platforms: enforcing internal policies, training artificial intelligence systems, and actively screening and removing offensive material —sometimes thousands of items per day. Sarah T. Roberts, an award-winning social media scholar, offers the first extensive ethnographic study of the commercial content moderation industry. Based on interviews with workers from Silicon Valley to the Philippines, at boutique firms and at major social media companies, she contextualizes this hidden industry and examines the emotional toll it takes on its workers. This revealing investigation of the people “behind the screen” offers insights into not only the reality of our commercial internet but the future of globalized labor in the digital age
Social media --- User-generated content --- Internet governance --- Censorship --- Management --- Censorship. --- Management. --- Internet governance. --- Social media - Censorship --- Social media - Management --- User-generated content - Censorship --- User-generated content - Management
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Cinq élèves en dernière année de journalisme, épaulés par l'écrivain journaliste P. Assouline, ont enquêté sur le fonctionnement de l'encyclopédie en ligne Wikipédia, 9e site le plus consulté au monde. Sont notamment abordés l'origine des rédacteurs, la question des erreurs et des manipulations possibles, les menaces sur les éditeurs d'encyclopédies, ses relations avec le savoir en général.
Electronic encyclopedias --- Encyclopédies électroniques --- Wikipedia --- User-generated content --- Encyclopedias and dictionaries --- User-generated content. --- Encyclopedias and dictionaries. --- Wikipedia. --- Encyclopédies électroniques --- Internet --- Essay On Encyclopaedia --- Cultural Sociology
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"Most users want their Twitter feed, Facebook page, and YouTube comments to be free of harassment and porn. Whether faced with 'fake news' or livestreamed violence, 'content moderators'--who censor or promote user-posted content--have never been more important. This is especially true when the tools that social media platforms use to curb trolling, ban hate speech, and censor pornography can also silence the speech you need to hear. [The author] provides an overview of current social media practices and explains the underlying rationales for how, when, and why these policies are enforced. In doing so, [the author] highlights that content moderation receives too little public scrutiny even as it is shapes social norms and creates consequences for public discourse, cultural production, and the fabric of society. Based on interviews with content moderators, creators, and consumers, this...book is...for anyone who's ever clicked 'like' or 'retweet.'"--
Social media --- Censorship. --- Censorship --- Social media - Censorship --- User-generated content --- Internet governance. --- Management.
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Metadata such as the hashtag is an important dimension of social media communication. Despite its important role in practices such as curating, tagging, and searching content, there has been little research into how meanings are made with social metadata. This book considers how hashtags have expanded their reach from an information-locating resource to an interpersonal resource for coordinating social relationships and expressing solidarity, affinity, and affiliation. It adopts a social semiotic perspective to investigate the communicative functions of hashtags in relation to both language and images. This book is a follow up to Zappavigna's 2012 model of ambient affiliation, providing an extended analytical framework for exploring how affiliation occurs, bond by bond, in online discourse. It focuses in particular on the communing function of hashtags in metacommentary and ridicule, using recent Twitter discourse about US President Donald Trump as a case study. It is essential reading for researchers as well as undergraduates studying social media on any academic course.
Hashtags (Metadata). --- Social media. --- Hashtags (Metadata) --- Social media --- Metadata --- User-generated media --- Communication --- User-generated content
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"Wikipédia s'est imposé comme la porte d'entrée principale de la connaissance sur le web. Les débats de ses premières années concernant la qualité des informations produites ou le bien-fondé du processus de négociation collective sont aujourd'hui dépassés. Que l'on s'en réjouisse ou qu'on le déplore, Wikipédia fait maintenant partie de notre vie. Flexible à la fois dans sa forme et dans ses contenus, l'encyclopédie en ligne continuera sans doute de constituer un des piliers de la culture numérique lors des prochaines décennies. Au-delà des préjugés, il s'agit maintenant d'étudier sa véritable nature et de comprendre à rebours comment un tel "miracle" a pu se produire."--Page 4 de la couverture.
Electronic encyclopedias --- Encyclopédies électroniques --- Wikipedia --- Wikis (Computer science) --- User-generated content
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#artselfie opens with an incisive remark by Douglas Coupland, who warns us that "Selfies are mirrors we can freeze. ... Selfies allow us to see how others look at themselves in a mirror making their modeling face when nobody's around-- except these days, everybody's around everywhere all the time." #artselfie emerged in 2012, right as the recent photographic phenomenon known as the selfie reached its tipping point. It was subsequently activated by New York based collective DIS, as an aggregated mode of art-tourism and documentation. These selfies and their dialogue with art are an opportunity to revisit fundamental questions such as: if art is a mirror, what happens when we place ourselves between it and the camera? The traditional trajectory from photographer to subject via the camera has been subverted, and with it, the nature of images and our perception of them. The #artselfie makes every participant both protagonist and collaborator, consumer and producer. Including an introduction by Douglas Coupland (author of Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture and ruthless observer of contemporary society) and a discussion between Simon Castets (director of the Swiss Institute in New York and co-founder of the 89+ project) and DIS, #artselfie allows us to experience how significant - and seductive - this viral phenomenon is.
Portrait --- Photographie --- Autoportrait --- Photographs --- Portrait photography --- Self-portraits --- Smartphones --- Social media --- User-generated content
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Mass communications --- Sociology of work --- Sociology of culture --- Technology --- Digital media --- Digital communications --- Information technology --- Social media --- User-generated content --- Social aspects --- Economic aspects --- Technology - Social aspects --- Information technology - Social aspects --- Information technology - Economic aspects --- User-generated content - Economic aspects
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Depuis l’avènement de l’internet grand public dans les années 1990, le web a été perçu comme un outil au service de la liberté d’expression. Mais face à la montée de la désinformation et des discours de haine, une régulation nouvelle se met en place. Les États légifèrent pour encadrer la prise de parole en ligne. Les grandes entreprises du numérique se voient octroyer des pouvoirs de filtrage et de blocage des contenus. Le problème survient lorsque l’opacité de ces opérations transforme la modération en censure. Il est urgent d’inventer une régulation démocratique des contenus sur internet, afin que celui-ci demeure pour tous et toutes un espace de débat, d’engagement et de liberté
Internet governance. --- Freedom of speech. --- Internet --- Censorship --- Political aspects --- Law and legislation --- Social media --- Censorship. --- User-generated content --- Management --- Internet - Law and legislation --- Internet - Censorship --- Social media - Censorship --- User-generated content - Management --- Web. --- Liberté d'expression. --- Censure.
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